Due to the vulnerability of Louisiana to hurricanes and their potential to cause widespread damage due to high winds and flooding, hurricane preparedness is essential. This fact sheet provides horse producers with information needed to prepare for all types of disasters.

Due to the vulnerability of Louisiana to hurricanes and their potential to cause widespread damage due to high winds and flooding, hurricane preparedness is essential. This fact sheet provides dairy producers with information needed to get ready for all types of disasters.

Due to the vulnerability of Louisiana to hurricanes and their potential to cause widespread damage due to high winds and flooding, hurricane preparedness is essential. This fact sheet provides information needed for small-ruminant owners to prepare for all types of disasters.

DVD 1: Horse Training (1:20) covers philosophy of training; ground work exercises; techniques for gaining control of the head, shoulder and hip; basic maneuvers and more. DVD 2: Rider Development (:30) explains how to find the rhythm of the horse’s movement and influence the horse through balance and rhythm and more.

These are presentation slides created by Dr. Tom Field discussing means for genetic change for cattle. This talk was presented at the Beef Cattle Genetic Shortcourse for beef producers on tools for making genetic change, cost effectiveness and traits that affect the cost of production. The presentation is in two different formats, PowerPoint and Acrobat Adobe.

Minutes of the meetings of the Southern Extension/Research Activities Information Exchange Group 15 - Sustainability and Competitiveness of the Southern Dairy Industry

This article discusses common diseases in show animals and how to prevent them.

Dates of Livestock Shows and a list of livestock entry forms you may need to participate in the parish, district and state livestock shows.

This newsletter provides marketing information for livestock producers in Louisiana in addition to management tips. Updates are every 2 weeks and posted for 3 months. Archived editions are available by contacting Ross Pruitt.

Conscientious owners should be aware that there can be potentially toxic substances in feeds.

DAIRYSOUTH-L is an e-mail discussion group hosted by the Southern Extension/Research Activities Information Exchange Group 15 - Sustainability and Competitiveness of the Southern Dairy Industry.

Objectives of the Southern Extension/Research Activities Information Exchange Group 15 - Sustainability and Competitiveness of the Southern Dairy Industry.

By providing good care, horsemen can minimize the costs of health care and maximize their enjoyment of their horses.

This spreadsheet decision tool is updated on a monthly basis with Louisiana cattle prices. It allows producers to see the historical additional revenues by adding weight to cattle over a several-month period. No assumptions about costs of production are made; simply, the historical additional revenues are shown. Historical prices by class of cattle and corresponding seasonal indices are included. This spreadsheet tool is updated on a regular basis.

These guidelines include information on semen quality, supplemental feeding for young bulls, deworming and vaccination.

Dr. Lisa Kriese-Anderson, Associate Professor & Extension Animal Scientist at Auburn University, will talk about beef genetics and measurement basics at the Beef Cattle Genetics Short Course Tuesday, November 1, 2005. The course will continue for two consecutive Tuesday nights. The LSU AgCenter, in cooperation with the Mississippi State University Extension Service and Auburn University, is hosting the short course. Other talks will be on adaptability, crossbreeding and EPDs.

The Louisiana Dairy Digest is a publication of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service that provided information on the latest developments and issues affecting dairy farming.

Ration quality and the level of feed consumed both play important roles in maximizing dairy farm profitability. Feedstuff analysis allows better appreciation of real cost and should be considered in ration formulation. Feed efficiency should be calculated and monitored to identify the most profitable cows of the herd and to evaluate the nutritional programs more closely and accurately.

The U.S. livestock and poultry industries have undergone significant structural change in recent decades. Both industries have evolved to a structure including vertical integrators that contract with producers to raise animals understrict specifications. In both industries, technological change has been rapid, leading to consistent quantities and qualities of products that meet consumer demand.

This newsletter features topics on the purchase, care and training of horses, and includes news and upcoming events.

This newsletter provides marketing information for livestock producers in Louisiana in addition to management tips. Updates are every 2 weeks and posted for 3 months. Archived editions are available by contacting Ross Pruitt.

Bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) is one of several parameters used by state milk regulatory agencies to insure consumers a safe, wholesome milk supply. For dairy producers, this means BTSCC is one item that must be constantly monitored and managed.

The LSU AgCenter soon will begin comprehensive tests for salt contamination in areas of Vermilion Parish hit by Hurricane Rita’s storm surge, but officials this week said the problem may not be as bad as originally feared.

Is there an absolutely safe level? The answer is probably no. For beef cows, including pregnant cows, a maximum of 100 ppb in the total diet appears to be a practical answer.

Many producers use early weaning programs to lower the costs of feed and labor. Calves tend to scour less when consuming solid feeds compared with liquid feeds. As a result, health costs may decrease.

The risks associated with alternatives such as corn, soybeans and milo are outlined in this document.

The LSU AgCenter 4-H and FFA Junior Showmanship show gives members a chance to show their broilers. This guide shows how to handle your broiler for exhibition showmanship.

4-H and FFA members share their experiences raising and showing poultry at the LSU AgCenter Junior Showmanship Show.

The LSU AgCenter 4-H and FFA Junior Showmanship show gives members a chance to show their broilers. This guide shows how to handle your broiler for exhibition showmanship.

Members of the Southern Extension/Research Activities Information Exchange Group 15 - Sustainability and Competitiveness of the Southern Dairy Industry.

Based on the information known at the time of the storm, and given the historical value of these industries to the state, the AgCenter was able to provide preliminary estimates on losses of revenue due to production losses.

The dollar amounts, which are estimates of reduced revenue and increased costs, are broken down by storm and commodity. Total estimated costs are also provided.

Winter feeding costs are a major expense in cow-calf herds. So, selecting a winter feeding program that is cost-efficient is imperative. However, making sure nutrient requirements are met during this time is critical to future profitability. An investment now can pay dividends for years to come.

This newsletter provides marketing information for livestock producers in Louisiana in addition to management tips. Updates are every 2 weeks and posted for 3 months. Archived editions are available by contacting Ross Pruitt.

The Master Cattle Producer Program is designed as a follow-up to the Master Farmer Program. It is a commodity-specific program to enhance the profitability of beef producers by equipping them with important information on all aspects of beef production.

Images of major poisonous plants are presented to assist livestock owners with plant recognition. Toxic effects are also mentioned.

In replacement rearing, no phase has greater potential for decreasing production costs and increasing profitability than the period prior to weaning.

The Louisiana Dairy Digest is a publication of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service that provides information on the latest developments and issues affecting dairy farming.

The USDA Dairy Sire Summaries now include three selection indexes that can be very useful in simplifying sire selection. These are called Net Merit Dollars (NM$), Cheese Merit Dollars (CM$) and Fluid Merit Dollars (FM$).

Estrus synchronization had its humble beginnings in the 1940s when progesterone and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin were administered to cattle at varying stages of the estrous cycle to alter cyclicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of altrenogest for estrus synchronization of crossbred beef heifers.

Research conducted by the LSU AgCenter in the 1980s clearly revealed a profit potential for stocker beef production in Louisiana. Annual ryegrass has the productivity during the cooler parts of the year (late-fall, winter, and spring) and the nutritional quality necessary for growing beef animals to play a major role in most Louisiana beef stocker programs.

Sixty-two Louisiana beef producers in 12 parishes were surveyed to determine their input usage and the amount of output they produced in 1998. The objectives of this study are to (1) estimate the technical efficiency (production efficiency) of a selected group of beefcattle producers and (2) determine the characteristics of cattle operations that are the most technically efficient.

This newsletter provides marketing information for livestock producers in Louisiana in addition to management tips. Updates are every 2 weeks and posted for 3 months. Archived editions are available by contacting Ross Pruitt.

A healthy calf crop provides replacement animals for the future of the dairy operation. However, a busy work environment often causes the neonatal calf to become overlooked, leading to consequences that may be irreversible. It is important to understand that the neonate must consume sufficient colostrum as soon after birth as possible to achieve the needed passive immunity to survive the first few weeks of life.

The Lousiana Hay and Feed Supplier Directory has been developed as a tool for farmers and ranchers to do two things: 1.) promote the availability of hay and feed sources to surrounding areas and people in need; 2.) find available sources should you need hay or feed in case of drought or other reason that would limit resouces.

This spreadsheet-based, decision-making tool is based on the annual LSU AgCenter enterprise budgets for beef cattle. The spreadsheet allows producers to alter assumptions and print a projected budget based on their individual operations.

Increased profit is the primary reason producers need to know the quality of the forages they feed livestock. It’s important to know the nutrient composition and potential animal performance that can be expected from a given forage. Methods of Testing Feeds, Definitions of Common Forage Analysis Terms, Application of Forage Testing Results, Forage Sampling and Sample Submission information included. (PDF Format Only)

The Livestock Indemnity Program was a new, permanent disaster payment program created in the 2008 Farm Bill. The rules for this program have recently been published,and this document informs producers and other interested parties on how to determine if they are eligible for the program.

This article evaluates the potential advantages of feeding chromium to dairy cows

This series of articles was prepared by LSU AgCenter extension personnel to address some of the most important topics affecting Louisiana dairy producers during a severe drought. Those topics include Feeding Drought-Stressed Hay and Silage Crops; Weed and Chemical Toxins in Drought-Stressed Forages; Pasture Options for Dairy Producers; Winter Annual Pasture Management and Costs; and Coping with Forage Shortages Due to Drought Conditions: Purchased Forages and By-Products.

This newsletter provides marketing information for livestock producers in Louisiana in addition to management tips. Updates are every 2 weeks and posted for 3 months. Archived editions are available by contacting Ross Pruitt.

The blood-sucking fly pests of Louisiana beef cattle include the horn fly, stable fly and many species of tabanids. By understanding the biology and life cycle of each pest, producers will be better able to devise more effective fly control programs. This publication explains how, in most cases, an integrated approach, whereby more than one control method is used, will prove more effective for long-term fly control.

One of the most important decisions a forage producer must make is which variety or varieties to plant. To help farmers make logical choices among crops and varieties, the LSU AgCenter conducts variety trials and makes recommendations each year. Suggested varieties, seeding rates, planting depths and seeding dates are included. (PDF Format Only)

List of equine boarding facilities. These facilities charge a fee, and current coggins is required. You should call ahead to reserve space.

This newsletter provides marketing information for livestock producers in Louisiana in addition to management tips. Updates are every 2 weeks and posted for 3 months. Archived editions are available by contacting Ross Pruitt.

Louisiana State Animal Response Team (LSART) is an organization of groups and individuals with an interest in animal well-being related to emergencies or disasters.

Handbook for Understanding Act 461 of the 2007 Louisiana Legislature-Refundable Tax Credit for Dairy Farmers

Poultry litter is relatively rich in nutrients and organic matter, but it needs to be properly managed. This article discusses how to realize the most benefits from poultry litter utilization as a fertilizer.

Production agriculture is affected by seasonal production and demand cycles that are influenced by weather conditions as well as biological processes. These supply-and-demand conditions lead to seasonal price patterns. Awareness of seasonal price patterns can improve production and marketing decisions made by producers. (PDF Format Only)

This article summarizes factors influencing MUN in Louisiana Dairy Herds.

Louisiana forages are often low in quality in late summer. Nutrient intake from forage by a mature cow will usually exceed the requirement for maintenance but may not be high enough to meet the additional requirement for lactation. When nutrient intake is below requirements, the cow must pull nutrients from body reserves to meet her requirements. The result is weight loss and a decrease in body condition.

Provides information to clientele on how to properly produce good-quality hay in Louisiana.

The Louisiana Calf to Carcass project is a program in which Louisiana beef cattle producers can participate by sending a minimum of three steers or heifers to the feedlot while retaining ownership of them throughout the feeding period.

This newsletter provides marketing information for livestock producers in Louisiana in addition to management tips. Updates are every 2 weeks and posted for 3 months. Archived editions are available by contacting Ross Pruitt.

This study evaluates ways to take advantage of seasonal impact on dairy farms.

Much of Louisiana has been under drought conditions. This guide was developed to help producers with decisions on facing the dry conditions.

The Louisiana Calf-to-Carcass program provides an educational opportunity for cattle producers to learn how to use actual performance data to enhance the profit from calves that are delivered to the feedlot or sold at weaning.

Without question, in 2008, for cow‐calf producers to maintain profitability, adding weight to light calves, post weaning is an outstanding way to add value and put more dollars in your pocket. Here are some current trials that highlight supplements and other areas for consideration when backgrounding or developing cattle.

The country-of-origin labeling of agricultural products at the retail level has become a highly controversial issue, especially at the national level. LSU AgCenter researchers surveyed a sample of Louisiana meat processors, meat wholesalers, specialized meat markets, food stores and restaurants to ascertain their opinions about the mandatory country-of-origin labeling of fresh or frozen beef.

One of the most difficult tasks facing an instructor is teaching a student to feel and react to the horse's movement and responses. Riders who do not feel the horse's errors are unable to react correctly in a timely manner to the horse.

Understanding the virus complex is not easy, but because it causes significant disease problems, abortion and shipping fever, it is best we understand what all the letters mean and how to best deal with them.

Horse ownership can be very exciting and rewarding. The primary reasons for horse ownership are companionship, recreation and relaxation, says LSU AgCenter animal science professor Dr. Clint Depew.

This report evaluates the natural variability in the sperm sex ratio.

These data suggest that good quality hay fed free choice can meet nutrient requirements during the last one-third of gestation, a period when the nutrient requirements of the cow increase because of the growth of the fetus.

A comprehensive handbook for beef cattle producers, this 152-page manual provides a wealth of useful information that is augmented by color photographs, charts and other illustrations. It is endorsed by the Louisiana Beef Industry Council and written by a variety of experts. Cost: $25 plus tax (free shipping). You can order this book through our online store by using the Order Publication button below.

This article contains current recommendations for selecting corn hybrids, planting, harvesting, storing and feeding corn silage to dairy cows.

This study at the Southeast Research Station evaluated the effects of body condition at calving on the performance of lactating dairy cows.

The purpose of this report is to compare the performance of two-, three- and four-breed rotational crossbreeding systems and straight-breeds for calf weaning weight per cow exposed and for cumulative weaning weight per cow entering the herd.

The purpose of this study is to analyze broiler industry executives’ decisions on where to locate a broiler complex in the United States. The specific objectives are to identify factors affecting site locations of broiler complexes in the United States and to measure the effects and relative importance of these factors on the broiler complex location decision.

Statistics of Louisiana's poultry industry in 2008

This newsletter provides marketing information for livestock producers in Louisiana in addition to management tips. Updates are every 2 weeks and posted for 3 months. Archived editions are available by contacting Ross Pruitt.

These links provide useful information on controlling poultry houses and ventilation.

Dry cow management is an integral part of total herd management. There are five keys to maintaining an excellent dry cow program.

Report of beef cattle and forage research and extension projects completed over the past two years. For more information on a particular report, contact the author directly from the list in Appendix C.

Photosensitization, also known as photodermatitis, occurs when the liver is unable to excrete a metabolite of chlorophyll from forages the animal has eaten. The metabolite accumulates in the skin and is activated by sunlight. The reaction yields free radicals that "burn" the skin.

BVD is a viral disease of cattle that can cause clinical disease and subclinical production losses. This article discusses the common signs of this disease and how to manage it.

This guide for 2009 contains suggestions for management of the most important or more prevalent diseases of Louisiana plants. It includes information on fungicides, bactericides and nematicides, as well as safety precautions for using them.

This newsletter provides marketing information for livestock producers in Louisiana in addition to management tips. Updates are every 2 weeks and posted for 3 months. Archived editions are available by contacting Ross Pruitt.

This guide includes helpful information on herbicides and weed control with detailed suggestions for aquatics, commercial nursery stock, field crops, forestry, fruit crops, home gardens, lawns and many other Louisiana crops. It includes information on different types of herbicide registrations, as well as information on herbicide labels and restricted uses. Also included are sprayer calibration techniques, suggestions for reducing herbicide drift and a guide to proper spray tip selection.

This 2009 guide was compiled by LSU AgCenter experts and includes regulations, precautions and suggestions for pest control in Louisiana. Detailed topics include drift of pesticides, hazards of pesticides to beneficial insects and wildlife, phytotoxicity and using beneficial insects to control pest populations. A section on organic gardening also is included.

The facilities you need to raise show pigs do not have to be elaborate or expensive. Many different types and sizes of facilities are satisfactory for growing show pigs. Several basic facility options are discussed in this publication.

New horse owners can greatly benefit by finding professional assistance in caring for, training and riding horses.

A horse has an unusual digestive system and its needs differ because of its athleticism.

When buying a horse, buy a horse that fits the rider and the rider's goals.

Welcome to the LSU AgCenter Forage Production Web site.

This page contains the faculty and staff contact information on those working in Pasture & Forage.

One of the most difficult feeding challenges faced by dairy farmers is the drop off in feed intake and milk production during the summer. To minimize these losses, rations must be specially formulated for hot weather.

This report presents estimates of production costs for beef cattle, dairy cattle and forage production in Louisiana for 2005.

Article about upcoming field days and general information about beef nutrition

Poultry production is Louisiana’s largest animal industry – a spot it has held for the past five years – and its $1.24 billion contribution to the state’s economy makes it the second-largest segment of Louisiana’s agricultural industries.

Other universities and extension services throughout the United States have produced quality materials on poultry nutrition. This list of links showcases some of that work.

Producers can improve milk quality in Louisiana by lowering somatic cell counts, especially during the summer and early fall.

Monitoring the milking procedures, equipment cleaning and milk cooling should go a long way in producing high quality milk that is low in bacteria.

Determining what level of milk production and feed cost yields the most profit for the farm should be the main objective of any measure of economic and production efficiency; because at the end of the day, the main thing that counts is the number of cwt produced and the amount of profit from each cwt. This is the economic indicator that tells you the total net income for the farm.

A CNMP is a plan that helps you make the best use of manure, fertilizers and other nutrient sources while protecting water resources.

All commercial poultry producers are required by Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Livestock Sanitary Board regulation (Lac 7:1171) to obtain a certificate of approval for disposal of dead poultry.

Horses and pastures seem to go together. Pastures provide exercise and a low-cost feed source, but unless productive, they provide only exercise. To achieve both goals, however, they must have a good start. This factsheet will go over some steps that will help.

Horse property barns and stables may contain large quantities of mud because of excessive traffic. Mud is more than a mess or nuisance. Winter and spring rains can cause mud and manure to runoff into nearby waterways. Nutrients and sediment in runoff are a source of non-point source pollution, which can degrade water quality. Louisiana horse owners can reduce the impact on streams and bayous by specific adopting management practices.

This fact sheet provides a brief overview of some good stewardship practices for horse owners and how they manage their manure. It focuses on three techniques for managing horse manure and bedding: direct application of manure, fertilizer nitrogen enhancement, composting

Composting is the acceleration of a natural biological process that converts organic matter into a stable humus-like material. This process is a great way to convert horse manure into a more desirable product. Composting produces a material that can be used as a low-grade fertilizer, mulch for reducing weed infestation, and soil amendment for retaining soil moisture.

Louisiana horse owners can reduce the impact of their facilities on local waterways and groundwater by adopting management practices that minimize the potential for non-point source water pollution.

Horses are important for companionship, sport, work, pleasure, education, and therapy. To be good stewards of the land, however, horse farmers should manage their farms in a way to minimize the potential for negatively impacting the environment with horse manure

Pervious concrete may be an alternative surface material for such horse facilities. Pervious concrete is a mixture of the same ingredients, except the sand is reduced or omitted and the amount of water is reduced. A properly installed concrete pad, using pervious concrete, is capable of allowing high volumes of water to permeate through the material. Depending on the aggregate used and the compacted density of the pad, the amount of infiltration of material through the pad can be varied

Rotational grazing has long been used by livestock producers as a way to use pasture more efficiently. By dividing large pastures into smaller paddocks, animals make better use of available forage. Additionally, pastures that are not allowed to be grazed down to such an extent that soil erosion can occur protect the environment by preventing sediment loss into adjacent waterways.

In the summer months it is highly important to consider the water consumption of your horse. "Water is the most essential nutrient that we provide in a horse’s diet," says former LSU AgCenter horse specialist Dr. Clint Depew, and Southwest Region Horse Agent Howard Cormier.

Due to the vulnerability of Louisiana to hurricanes and their potential to cause widespread damage due to high winds and flooding, hurricane preparedness is essential.

This article provides the latest information about internal parasites in sheep and goats and updated treatment and control recommendations.

Anthrax in livestock and horses is described. Topics discussed include: A brief history of the disease, persistance of spores in soil, clinical signs, what to do if anthrax suspected, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control.

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus infections occur in horses and other equids. Where does EEE come from? What's the best way to protect a horse? Find these answers and more.

It might seem like that buckaroo who rides off into the sunset was born in the saddle. But the truth is he had to learn equestrian skills, either by chance or instruction. An LSU AgCenter program, Master Horseman, is underway to pass along that knowledge.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the behavioral patterns exhibited by potential recipients during estrus could be used as an indicator of subsequent pregnancy rates following embryo transfer. The success of any embryo transfer operation ultimately resides in the reproductive performance of the recipient females.

Dealing with summertime heat is a great challenge for people in Louisiana, and LSU AgCenter poultry specialist Dr. Theresia Lavergne says high heat and humidity combine to pose severe problems for all types of poultry.

Calf Notes is your source for pertinent, non-commercial and unbiased information on raising young dairy calves.

The Agricultural Marketing Service includes six commodity programs--Cotton, Dairy, Fruit and Vegetable, Livestock and Seed, Poultry, and Tobacco. The programs employ specialists who provide standardization, grading and market news services for those commodities. They enforce such Federal Laws as the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act and the Federal Seed Act.

Safe levels for aflatoxin feeding vary with each individual animal. The ingestion of aflatoxin at levels even lower than those given above may cause some undesirable side effects. Moreover, these effects are dependent on factors such as age, sex and general health of the animals.

(Distributed 03/16/09) Rising costs to retailers and heavy worldwide demand pushed up the cost of milk for U.S. consumers, but recent events have put dairy farmers in a bind, according to an agricultural economist with the LSU AgCenter.

In the current turbulent economic situation, horse owners need information on how to reduce horse maintenance costs in order to be able to keep their horses. Learn what a financially strapped horse owner can do to cut costs and save money with these tips from an economist, an equine specialist, and a horse owner

Have your chickens ever had white lesions that developed into wart-like nodules and then formed dark scabs on their combs and wattles? If so, your chickens had fowl pox, according to LSU AgCenter poultry professor Dr. Theresia Lavergne.

Louisiana researchers tested the efficacy of a commercially available Staph. aureurs vaccine administered to heifers.

The Louisiana Dairy Digest is a publication of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service that provides information on the latest developments and issues affecting the dairy industry.

Replacement heifers represent the future of the dairy farm. When deciding the best way to manage the heifer enterprise, dairy producers should realize that they have several options.

The horse production areas of primary importance are growth, reproduction, lactation and work.

The Cow/Heifer Investment Decision Tool was developed as a farm planning decision aid for Louisiana cow/calf producers. This decision aid is an Excel spreadsheet that allows cow/calf producers to project if investing in a heifer is a profitable investment and the maximum dollar amount that can be paid for the animal. Producers are able to adjust prices, calf sale weights and cash cow costs to determine the amount that could potentially be paid for a cow/heifer.

Currently, with regard to beef calves, heavier calves are retaining a considerably higher percentage oftheir value when compared to their lighter counterparts. For instance, there may be only a ten tofifteen percent difference in the price/lb between a 450 and 750 lb calf. Many beef cattle producers aretherefore exploring means to add additional weight on their calves economically and at the same timenot placing too much expense involved with infrastructure (pens, water’s, feed troughs,

When purchasing show pigs, one of the most important things is to get the pig on feed as soon as possible. A feed that is very palatable will tickle the pig’s taste buds and have it eating immediately. Highly palatable feeds also have value in the commercial swine industry.

The “Master Horseman Minute” is a series of tips and educational demonstrations developed for continuing education of Master Horseman graduates of the LSU AgCenter Horse Leader development program. Additional segments are planned as the need arises. It is hoped that this program will be a dynamic means of providing video instruction to horsemen of all ages and disciplines. For more information contact: Howard J. Cormier, Southwest Region Equine Agent, hcormier@agcenter.lsu.edu.

Trichomoniasis is a bovine venereal disease that can cause substantial reproductive and economic loss in cow-calf operations that use natural service. Many states, including Louisiana, now have regulations on movement of bulls to prevent the spread of trichomoniasis.

Showy crotalaria is a significant toxic plant in Louisiana. It contains alkaloids that cause liver damage in horses and livestock. The seeds may remain viable in undisturbed soil for 60 years or longer.

The objective of this experiment was to compare performance of mature cows and their calves grazing bermudagrass/bahiagrass pastures that had endophyte-infected Georgia 5 tall fescue established in the sod, grazing similar bermudagrass/bahiagrass pastures that were overseeded each year with ryegrass, or grazing bermudagrass/bahiagrass pastures and receiving hay.

These findings support earlier results suggesting a sire breed x calf sex interaction for birthand weaning traits when one of the sire breeds is Brahman. This data also suggests that breeders should be aware of interactions between sire breed and calf sex to plan for such things as larger birthweights of Brahman-sired calves.

Beef industry innovators are looking at DNA technology as another selection tool for decisions that give them a marketing advantage. The most important thing for producers to consider is the cost of the DNA technology and what they will get out of it.

As the beef cattle industry redefines itself to better meet consumer needs and demands, there are new technologies and new products being developed to enhance this effort by improving production, performance and quality in all segments of the industry. One new product, Optalflexx, was approved in 2003 by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use in some beef cattle diets.

There are many cattle diseases to be concerned about as a producer, but pinkeye is one of the more highly contagious diseases. It is an infectious bacterial disease of the eye of cattle caused by Moraxella bovis. Review the causes, transmission, symptoms, and treatment of Pinkeye.

This fact sheet describes the four parts of a herd health program for beef cattle: Nutrition, deworming, vaccinations and biosecurity.

(Distributed 09/05/08) Louisiana agricultural producers who suffered crop damage from Hurricane Gustav need crop insurance or non-insured crop disaster assistance coverage to be eligible to participate in federal disaster assistance programs, according to LSU AgCenter agricultural economist Kurt Guidry.

Farmers are enjoying their first improved commodities market in several years. Record yields and good prices in 2003 helped offset losses from the previous four to five years.

Although there’s not an imminent danger, some scientists say a widespread disease or bioterrorism attack could wipe out significant portions of the U.S. farm animal population.

The LSU AgCenter coordinated the state's second annual conference on Mosquito-borne Diseases in Louisiana this spring in Baton Rouge. During the April 30 conference, a variety of experts warned West Nile virus is likely to be a bigger threat this summer than it was last year. Those predictions were based on the way the virus has spread across a large portion of the country in just four years and the larger number of cases already seen in birds this spring. The experts also said the rapid

BATON ROUGE – Hundreds of youth from across Louisiana were named as state champions before the 69th Annual LSU AgCenter Livestock Show wrapped up Saturday (Feb. 14, 2004).

Most of us involved in agriculture are aware of environmental concerns related to production agriculture. Regulatory proposals involving animal agriculture, such as poultry production, have caused concerns throughout the poultry-producing area of Louisiana.

Horses have to rely on their owners for food, water and shelter, so it’s important to see that those needs are met – particularly at times like this when dry weather leads to a shortage of pasture grass, says LSU AgCenter veterinarian Dr. Steven S. Nicholson.

Flies are the most important insect pests of horses. Among this large, diverse group of insects, the pests of horses include bloodsucking or biting flies, filth or irritation flies, mosquitoes and bot flies. The description, biology, economic/health significance and control are included.

This publication provides information on planting, growing and harvesting alfalfa as a forage crop in Louisiana.

The best management practices that apply most directly to the beef industry are in this publication. A brief description, purpose and conditions to which the practice applies are given for each of the BMPs listed. (PDF Format Only)

Research indicates that successful visual estrus detection and subsequent pregnancyrates are directly related to the frequency and duration of each heat check. The objective of this report is to describe a new heat detection system and to demonstrate its potential effectiveness for use with artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET) procedures.

BMPs for swine farms are a specific set of practices used by farmers to reduce the amount of soil, nutrients, pesticides and microbial contaminants entering surface water and groundwater while maintaining or improving the productivity of agricultural land. This list of BMPs is a guide for the selection and implementation of those practices that will help swine farmers to conserve soil and protect water and air resources by reducing pollutants from reaching both surface and groundwater.

Dairying, by its nature, requires specific practices to conserve and protect soil and water resources. Best management practices (BMPs) are an effective and practical means of reducing point- and nonpoint-source water pollutants at levels compatible with environmental quality goals.

This study was done to determine the effects of broiler litter and commercial fertilizer applied to bermudagrass pastures on animal performance.

The Louisiana horse industry generated approximately $2.5 billion in economic activity in 2007 through racing, horse shows and recreational activites.

For many years, most beef cattle producers have observed the body fat reserves of their cattle herd and used that information to make feeding and nutritional decisions. Research shows that proper nutrition and efficient use of forage reduce costs.

The primary objective of producing broilers is to optimize growth. Find information on housing, brooding, heating, lighting, feeders and waterers, feeds and feeding, and health.

The 74th LSU AgCenter Livestock Show begins Feb. 14, with the concluding awards ceremony on Feb. 21, at the Lamar-Dixon Expo Center in Gonzales. Working with livestock helps young people develop knowledge, a sense of responsibility and skills that last a lifetime. That philosophy is at the core of the LSU AgCenter’s livestock educational programs for youth.

Many producers do not understand that shrink is a weak link in marketing cattle. Cattle producers spend a great deal of time and energy to make their cattle gain weight and weigh as much as possible. Then, when they pen, process and transport their cattle for market, the cattle lose weight. An increase in knowledge about shrink and the factors that affect it is critical to maximizing profits.

The Louisiana Dairy Digest is a publication of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service that provides information on the latest developments and issues affecting dairy farming.

Beef cattle in Louisiana are continuously exposed to infections with parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes (commonly known as roundworms). The life cycle of these parasites is direct; they do not need an intermediate host. Adult worms in cattle shed eggs that are passed in their feces. These eggs hatch and develop into infective larvae that climb on growing forage and are ingested as the forage is consumed. These larvae develop into adults and the cycle is completed within 14 to 60 days.

The chances of poultry and other domestic birds acquiring mosquito-transmitted encephalitis viruses are relatively low, according to an LSU AgCenter expert, who says you also can take precautions to further reduce that risk.

Winter annual forages are recommended for grazing, green chop, hay and silage production in Louisiana. Each year scientists of the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center conduct performance trials to evaluate the forage production of annual ryegrass, cereal rye and oat varieties. Trials are conducted at various LSU Agricultural Center research stations throughout the state to provide information on the performance of varieties under varying soil and climatic conditions.

The Louisiana Dairy Digest is a publication of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service that provides information on the latest developments and issues affecting dairy farming.

The Louisiana Dairy Digest is a publication of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service that provides information on the latest developments and issues affecting the dairy industry.

In the early fall of 2005, two of the most powerful hurricanes on record, Katrina and Rita, slammed into the Gulf Coast within three weeks of each other. The area of devastation extended from East Texas to Alabama. Tens of thousands of animals perished, suffered illness or production losses, or had to be sold. The impact on beef and dairy producers and the veterinarians who serve them was enormous.

When it comes to deciding which mineral supplements to use in livestock feeding, two criteria need to be considered: Biological efficacy and economic efficiency.

The Southern Dairy Conference is a major outreach function of the Southern Extension/Research Activities Information Exchange Group 15 - Sustainability and Competitiveness of the Southern Dairy Industry.

Most ration formulation is completed by computers. Numerous software products have been developed to assist nutritionist in matching feedstuffs to nutrient requirements for particular production settings. They can estimate nutrient supply from a diet and reports how well a given diet meets the requirements for the animal specified.

This page provides information on hay quality, supplements and how to ration hay.

Horse diseases are normally divided into three general areas, depending on the site of their specificdamage. They are general body diseases, respiratory diseases and reproductive diseases.

During the winter, even on the Gulf Coast, beef cattle must have supplemental forage and/or feed. Most cattle producers in the South spend approximately 40% of their operating costs on producing or purchasing hay and purchasing supplemental feeds.

The objective of this study was to compare three-breed cross females (Angus-, Brangus-,Gelbvieh- and Gelbray-sired) with contemporary first cross (F1) Brahman x Hereford females for reproductive and maternal performance.

The daily nutrient requirements of the horse are based on a critical need for protein, energy, vitamins, minerals and water, to enable the horse to do a specific job and achieve his genetic and physical capabilities.

4-H club goat project book containing learning activities for raising goats, project activities and project record sheets.

A high percentage of calves produced in Louisiana are sold at weaning and stockered in other sections of the country. Studies investigating grazing methods on bermudagrass pastures with stocker cattle are somewhat limited and results from these studies have been conflicting and are therefore inconclusive. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of continuous and rotational grazing methods at two stocking rates for stocker cattle consuming bermudagrass forages.

The basic handling skills must be taught to every horse to make him safe and enjoyable for the horseman. Regardless of your use of the horse, these handling skills will assist in the development of harmony and cooperation between horse and rider.

This two-part series describes the potential disease problems that may arise in the winter in beef cattle because of shortages of grazing and stored forages, and it offers solutions to help prevent these problems.

The 2005 Beef Report is a compilation of research studies completed by the LSU AgCenter faculty in the tow years since the publication of the 2003 report. should you desire more information about any of the studies reported in this publication, please contact the scientists who wrote the article or the local extension service agent in your parish.

Vitamin supplementation in horses is generally not needed since common feeds normally contain adequate amounts. Vitamin deficiencies occur primarily when horses are sick or stressed, or if feed is improperly processed and stored over long periods of time. In these cases, vitamin supplementation may be necessary.

Horsemanship is more than a class in a horse show. It is the ability of a horseman to ride and handle his horse properly and in balance.

Where ever horses are bought or sold, a horseman attempts to fit his horse and set him up squarely on his feet and legs so that the horse can be presented to his best advantage to the perspective buyer. Therefore it is essential to understand the basic skills of fitting and showing a horse at halter.

The primary concern in mineral nutrition is to provide salt and adequate levels of calcium and phosphorous in approximately a 1.3 to 1 ratio.

Helpful links to marketing, economics & business resources for beef cattle producers.

LSU AgCenter provides a monthly newsletter with production tips, monthly planning calendars, articles and highlights to help our state beef producers stay up with events and news!

The southern United States contains almost half of the nation's cow-calf population in the hot/humid Southeast and Gulf Coast areas. Even in more temperate areas of the United States, weaning productivity of Brahman x Bos taurus cows is virtually unequaled.

The Louisiana Dairy Digest is a publication of the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service that provided information on the latest developments and issues affecting dairy farming.

To respond properly to a horse, a rider must be able to recognize and understand what the animal is doing.

An attentive rider can use the rhythm of a horse's gait to influence speed and direction while riding.

This newsletter was designed to bring you information on Louisiana’s Animal Industry from the LSU AgCenter’s Animal Science Division. Topics related to Animal Health, Beef, Dairy, Sheep, Swine, Poultry and Economics in August 2002.

This newsletter was designed to bring you information on Louisiana’s Animal Industry from the LSU AgCenter’s Animal Science Division. Topics related to Animal Health, Beef, Dairy, Sheep, Swine, Poultry and Economics November 2002.

During fall, many backyard flock owners ask, "Why have my hens stopped laying?" Several factors may cause the reduction in egg laying, says LSU AgCenter poultry specialist Dr. Theresia Lavergne.

This newsletter was designed to bring you information on Louisiana’s animal industry from the LSU AgCenter’s Animal Science Division. Topics related to animal health, beef, dairy, sheep, swine, poultry and economics in May 2002.

This newsletter was designed to bring you information on Louisiana’s animal industry from the LSU AgCenter’s Animal Science Division. Topics related to animal health, beef, dairy, sheep, swine, poultry and economics in May 2001.

This newsletter was designed to bring you information on Louisiana’s animal industry from the LSU AgCenter’s Animal Science Division. Topics related to animal health, beef, dairy, sheep, swine, poultry and economics in August 2001.

This newsletter was designed to bring you information on Louisiana’s animal industry from the LSU AgCenter’s Animal Science Division. Topics related to animal health, beef, dairy, sheep, swine, poultry and economics in February 2002.

This newsletter was designed to bring you information on Louisiana’s animal industry from the LSU AgCenter’s Animal Science Division. Topics related to animal health, beef, dairy, sheep, swine, poultry and economics in November 2001.

Role of vitamin E in dairy cow nutrition. Effects on reproduction, imunity, and production.

To understand nutrient management, you must first understand what nutrients are. Nutrients are substances that are essential for plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (potash).

This newsletter was designed to bring you information on Louisiana’s animal industry from the LSU AgCenter’s Animal Science Division. Topics are related to animal health, beef, dairy, sheep, swine, poultry and economics.

This report is a joint publication of the LSU AgCenter Southeast Research Station, the Hill Farm Research Station, and the Department of Dairy Science. It provides details of research trials at the three locations along with some topical papers of importance to dairy producers in Louisiana.

Louisiana Agriculture, Beef Issue, Fall 2000, Volume 43, Number 4

Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) mandates that the majority of livestock commodities be identified by country of origin. This document provides producers with the information they need to be in compliance. (PDF Format Only)

This presentation was created by Dr. Scott P. Greiner for the Beef Cattle Genetics Short Course, which began Tuesday, November 1, 2005, and will continue for two consecutive Tuesday nights. The LSU AgCenter, in cooperation with the Mississippi State University Extension Service and Auburn University, is hosting the Short Course to aid beef producers on EPDs and Indexes.

Many Louisiana producers overestimate the quality of their hay because they don’t recognize the reasons hay quality varies. This publication describes the factors that influence quality and tells how to obtain a forage sample for testing purposes.

This publication describes a unique, naturally occuring variety of bermudagrass found in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, in 1991. Little Phillip No. 1 grew more rapidly than of other varieties, yet the forage quality was similar.

This publication gives recommendations on proper fertilization rates for optimum production of summer hay crops.

The purpose of this research was to compare two-, three- and four-breed rotational crossbred females produced in generation 4 of a long-term crossbreeding study to Brahman first-cross cows for calf performance in a commercial cow-calf setting in South Louisiana.

In this crossbreeding study, one of the main objectives was to compare straight-bred and composite-sired progeny that vary in percentage of Brahman inheritance.

Expected progeny differences for growth traits are well documented and used by a large segment of the beef cattle industry. Calf weaning weight is greatly influenced by genetic potential for growth, therefore verification of how reliable weaning weight EPDs are on commercial cow herds needs to be studied.

Based on these results, a cow-calf producer wishing to retain suitable heifers as herd replacements and sell the remaining heifers at weaning can reasonably consider implanting all heifer calves. High-protein creep, limit-fed to suckling heifer calves had no effect on pre-weaning, post-weaning, or reproductive performance in this study.

Cattle, rice, sugarcane, crawfish, wildlife and alligators are among many of Hurricane Rita casualties in southwestern Louisiana.

Farmers attending workshops in Acadia and Calcasieu parishes Tuesday (Oct. 25) learned about assistance for dealing with hardships caused by two hurricanes that struck the state this summer. Similar sessions, organized by the LSU AgCenter, were planned for New Iberia, Hammond and Raceland over the next few days.

Cattle, goats, horses, pigs and sheep surviving Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita are vulnerable to several diseases, including infectious diseases and toxicities, according to a veterinarian with the LSU AgCenter.

Herd outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in cattle may occur. Causes include ingestion of perilla mint, mold damaged sweet potatoes, sudden intake of immature summer forages high in the amino acid tryptophan.

Poultry litter and soil testing are the foundation of a sound nutrient management program. Poultry litter testing and soil testing are important best management practices (BMPs), and they are essential components of a comprehensive nutrient management plan (CNMP). This publication includes information on the correct procedures of poultry sampling.

Browse this list of links for additional information on poultry health.

Blister beetles are ¾- to 1¼-inch-long, narrow-bodied, broad-headed insects that may be found in alfalfa hay originating from certain parts of the United States. One beetle alone won't caust toxicity, but they can gather in large numbers in concentrated clusters of harvested hay.

This publication provides yield performances of various warm-season forage crops grown in Louisiana. The results were obtained during trials conducted from 2004 to 2005.

Louisiana livestock and poultry producers must be aware of certain regulatory issues concerning federal environmental laws.

These publications are designed to help Louisiana residents recover from floods, storms, extended power outages and other stressful, dangerous events.

Cattle producers are nervous about the upcoming year because the possibility of corn prices exceeding $5 a bushel could mean higher prices for livestock feed. An LSU AgCenter economist recently advised, however, that those fears could be based on some assumptions that may not develop into realities.

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), is relatively unknown to the public, and catching just snippets of news reports sometimes leads to misunderstandings.

Poultry production is the largest animal industry in Louisiana. In poultry production, there are issues of special concern to the environment. Best Management Practices (BMPs) focus on three main areas: Nutrient Management, Pesticide Management and Mortality Management.

A brief review of the common health problems that can afflict cattle, sheep and pigs. Symptoms and treatments are described, but this is not meant to be a treatment guide. (PDF Format Only)

What is avian influenza (bird flu)? What are the hosts for avian influenza? How is avian influenza transmitted from bird to bird? What are the signs of avian influenza in birds? Find these answers and more in this one-page fact sheet.

The focus of this issue is the nonruminant farm animal, which includes chickens, horses and pigs. The nonruminant animal has an uncomplicated or simple stomach as compared to the ruminant animal, which has a stomach with four compartments (cattle, sheep and goats). The nonruminant also is referred to as a monogastric.

Louisiana poultry growers and others in the industry are looking for more “environmentally friendly” alternatives to those convenionally used to handle the volume of poultry litter generated by the industry. This publication provides information on the methods and results of an LSU AgCenter research and demonstration project on in-house pasteurization of broiler litter. (PDF Format Only)

This manual has been developed as a guide for the meat goat industry in evaluating live meat goats, measuring important carcass traits and standardizing cutting procedures for goat carcasses. A single copy is available for free. Please use the order form to purchase multiple copies.

Somatotropin, also known as growth hormone, is a protein hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland of mammals. Somatotropin has several functions in the body, the most notable of which is growth of the long bones (for example, the femur of the thigh), which is achieved via stimulation of an intermediate hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), from the liver.

The 2003 agricultural statistics from the U.S. Department of Agriculture indicate that litter size per sow has increased over the past decade. As litter size increases, the sow must increase milk production so that the baby pigs can maintain a healthy growth rate. To produce milk, the sow must use a combination of nutrients derived from her diet and from the fat and protein stores in her body.

A large segment of the beef cattle industry is adopting expected progeny differences (EPDs) as a valuable selection tool in improving calf productivity.

To determine the effectiveness of short-duration, rotational grazing systems for cattle in South Louisiana, a three-year study (Phase 1 of a six-year project), designed to evaluate pasture stocking methods and rates, was initiated in the spring of 1999 at the Iberia Research Station near Jeanerette.

Trace minerals are important nutrients in diets for swine and poultry. They are required for growth, bone development, feathering in chickens, enzyme structure and function, and appetite. Over the past 20 years, scientists in the LSU AgCenter have played an important role in understanding the need for and use of trace minerals in diets for animals.

The horse industry is alive and well in Louisiana. Purses for racing Thoroughbreds and quarter horses are high, and quality show horses are found in nearly every barn. Knowledge of horse owners and their ability to care for their animals is also increasing. Neurologic diseases and how to best prevent them continue to present challenges to our horses as well as their humans.

Top exhibitors of market animals received scholastic premiums of more than $44,000 Saturday (Feb. 18) at the conclusion of the 71st Annual LSU AgCenter Livestock Show.The scholastic awards, which ranged from $1,500 to $5,500 for individual winners, went to 4-H and FFA youth who showed champion market animals during the Feb. 11-18 events that included competition for beef and dairy cattle, goats, hogs, poultry and sheep.

Hundreds of young people from across Louisiana were named state champions during a week of competition at the 71st Annual LSU AgCenter Livestock Show.

4-H and FFA members from across Louisiana participated in the 71st annual LSU AgCenter Livestock Show Feb. 11-18. The competitors qualified for the 2006 show by winning awards at parish and district livestock shows across Louisiana, and, in all, more than 3,000 young people came to Gonzales to compete with 5,300 animals.

Six exceptional Louisiana teen-agers were recognized Saturday (Feb. 18) for their knowledge, skills and communication abilities when they were named winners of the Gerry Lane Premier Exhibitor Awards at the 71st annual LSU AgCenter Livestock Show. Now in its ninth year, the premier exhibitor program recognizes 4-H and FFA members who may or may not have champion animals but who have a thorough understanding of animal science.

The LSU AgCenter honored a group of outstanding volunteer leaders and 4-H and FFA members Saturday (Feb. 18) for their work with youth livestock projects.

Hurricane Rita destroyed homes, schools and barns when it ripped through Cameron Parish last fall. It also bruised and battered the hopes of hundreds of 4-H’ers looking forward to showing livestock.

An LSU AgCenter program that tests the performance of bulls benefits cattle producers and the state’s beef industry, according to experts. Known as the Bull Performance Testing Program, the effort operates out of the LSU AgCenter’s Dean Lee Research Station south of Alexandria.

The large amount of media attention on human obesity in the past several years has made most of us keenly aware of the health hazards associated with carrying too much body fat. In the world of domestic farm animals, however, emphasis has typically been on how poor nutrition, and specifically poor body condition (little body fat), affect productivity and reproductive efficiency.

The poultry industry is the largest animal agricultural industry in Louisiana and is second only to forestry in total income produced by all agricultural commodities. Louisiana poultry growers produce almost 1 billion pounds of broiler meat each year. The size of the poultry industry in Louisiana has raised concerns about the management of large quantities of litter (mixture of poultry manure and bedding material).

Genetic selection of broiler chickens for production performance has been associated with changes in their behavior. Traits such as aggres-siveness, mating behavior, fearfulness (propensity to be easily frightened), feather pecking and sociality vary considerably within genetic strains. Many of these traits can exert profound effects on the welfare and productivity of farmed poultry because they influence the birds’ ability to adapt to their social and physical environment.

Phytate is a compound found in many common feed ingredients that decreases nutrient availability in animal diets. The main anti-nutritional effect of phytate is that it makes phytate phosphorus unavailable for digestion and absorption by nonruminants such as swine and poultry. Phytate also has negative effects on digestive enzymes, trace minerals, calcium, protein and amino acids, and carbohydrates.

Salt water flowed into sugarcane fields during Hurricane Rita, but the layout of a sugarcane field can be beneficial in ridding the field of salt. LSU AgCenter agronomist Dr. Gary Breitenbeck explains. (Radio News 12/12/05)

The sound of rain falling Wednesday night (Dec. 14) was sweet as a symphony to Gary Wicke, an LSU AgCenter county agent in Cameron Parish. Reducing salt contamination in the marsh from Hurricane Rita will improve chances for cattle forage to regrow. The sooner that happens, the better, Wicke said.

Cattle in all beef herds are subjected to some of the common diseases. Vaccines are available that can induce some degree of protection against several of the major diseases of cattle.

BATON ROUGE – Six students received top honors Saturday, winning the Gerry Lane Premier Exhibitor Awards at the 69th Annual LSU AgCenter Livestock Show.

(Distributed 11/05/03) Participants heard reports on a variety of research during a field day at the LSU AgCenter’s Southeast Research Station on Oct. 30. Topics covered during the event ranged from the importance of conducting research to the need for farmers to be concerned about biosecurity in their operations.

Forage producers toured three different operations this week to learn the latest techniques in the production and use of high-quality grass to support the livestock operations in central and northwestern Louisiana.

Stress can lead poultry to "pick" at one another, and LSU AgCenter poultry expert Dr. Theresia Lavergne says the problem seems to be occurring around the state.

The LSU AgCenter operates 25 weather stations at research stations and other cooperating locations throughout Louisiana. The Louisiana Agriclimatic Information System privides temperature and humidity data that researchers can correlate to livestock and crop production. Each station provides minute-by-minute measurements of air temperature, rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, solar radiation and soil temperature.

Cattle producers and other industry leaders learned about a new National Animal Identification System (NAIS) during the annual LSU AgCenter’s Rosepine Research Station Field Day May 6. The system would enable farmers and government officials to quickly track and contain animal disease outbreaks by using precise identification of each animal.

Some pesticides can potentially harm livestock. There are steps farmers can take in order to counteract toxic effects and minimize the risk of exposure.

(Distributed 11/06/03) Louisiana cattle producers are excited about the market news that prices recently hit record high prices for fat cattle, feeder cattle and calves.